Colonização nasal em profissionais de enfermagem de unidades especializadas em HIV/aids / Colonización nasal en unidades de enfermeras especializadas en el VIH/SIDA / Nasal colonization in nursing professionals from units specialized in HIV/AIDS

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a presença de micro-organismos nas narinas dos profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital de ensino brasileiro. Método: estudo transversal, em duas unidades de internação especializadas em HIV/aids. Foram coletadas amostras de secreção nasal de profissionais de enfermagem no período de um mês. As amostras foram processadas no laboratório de microbiologia da instituição e a análise dos dados resultantes por meio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 19.0. Os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. Resultados: dos 73 profissionais de enfermagem do serviço, foram coletadas amostras de secreção nasal de 61 (80,2%). Foram isolados seis tipos de micro-organismos em 22 (41,0%) culturas positivas. Destaca-se que o Staphylococcus aureus representou 22,9%, sendo quatro resistentes à oxacilina (MRSA). Conclusão: o Staphylococcus aureus foi o micro-organismo de maior prevalência nos indivíduos deste estudo. .

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar la presencia de microorganismos en las fosas nasales del personal de enfermería de un hospital universitario brasileño. Método: estudio transversal en dos unidades de hospitalización especializados en VIH/SIDA. Muestras de secreción nasal de enfermeras fueron recolectados durante un mes. Las muestras fueron procesadas en el laboratorio de microbiología de la institución y se analizaron con el paquete estadístico para el software de Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) versión 19.0. Los aspectos éticos fueron cubiertos. Resultados: 73 de los profesionales de enfermería, se recogieron muestras de las secreciones nasales de 61 (80,2%). Se aislaron seis tipos de microorganismos en 22 (41,0%) cultivos positivos. Es de destacar que el Staphylococcus aureus representó el 22,9%, cuatro oxacilina-resistente (MRSA). Conclusión: Staphylococcus aureus fue la prevalencia más microorganismo en los individuos de este estudio. .

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the presence of microorganisms in the nostrils of the nursing professionals of a Brazilian teaching hospital. Method: cross-sectional study in two inpatient units specialized in HIV/AIDS. Nasal secretion samples of nursing professionals were collected in one month. The samples were processed at the microbiology laboratory of the institution and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 19.0. Ethical aspects were abided. Results: from the 73 members of the nursing staff, samples of nasal secretions were collected from 61 (80.2%). Six types of microorganisms were isolated in 22 (41.0%) positive cultures. It is noteworthy that Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 22.9%, four of them oxacillin-resistant (MRSA). Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus microorganism accounted for the largest prevalence in individuals of this study. .

Chronic granulomatous disease: why an inflammatory disease?

Chronic granulomatous disease is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the genes encoding subunits of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase system. Patients can present with severe, recurrent infections and noninfectious conditions. Among the latter, inflammatory manifestations are predominant, especially granulomas and colitis. In this article, we systematically review the possible mechanisms of hyperinflammation in this rare primary immunodeficiency condition and their correlations with clinical aspects.

Phenotypic modulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected neutrophil during tuberculosis.

Background & objectives: Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) or neutrophils infiltrate to the inflammatory sites and phagocytose mycobacteria thereby inhibiting the bacillary spread initially until the accumulated macrophages get activated. The present study was carried out to highlight the interaction of neutrophils with the two clinical isolates (S7 and S10) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the subsequent morphological changes. Methods: Dextran purified neutrophils from normal and TB patients infected with M. tuberculosis isolates were cultured for 3 and 18 h time points. At the end of termination, the cell surface expression of CD16, CD69, CXCR2 and induction of apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytokines and chemokines were estimated in supernatants by ELISA. Results: All infected PMN showed decrease in CD16 at both time points in normals while at 18 h in TB group. Interestingly, CD69 expression was significantly high at early time point in TB-PMN compared to normals. The high expression of CXCR2 was sustained in infected TB-PMN at both the time points. S7 and S10 infected neutrophils showed high phagocytic indices compared to H37Rv in both the groups. A significant increase in apoptosis was observed at both the time points in infected TB-PMN but only at 18 h in normals. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and chemokine (IL-8) response was observed in infected neutrophils at 3 h in both the groups. Interpretation & conclusions: This study demonstrates the varying degree of modulation of neutrophil functions in both the groups. TB-PMN was more competent in amplifying the innate immune response and conferring protection at the early phase of infection. However, the response was not strain specific in either of these groups.

Cryptococcal neoformans profiles in peripheral blood neutrophils: an unusual presentation.

We report an unusual observation of Cryptococcal neoformans profiles engulfed by neutrophils on a routine peripheral blood smear examination in an HIV-negative young female patient who presented with perforation of large bowel following a pregnancy termination procedure by an untrained midwife.

Assessment of the functional capacity for intracellular dearth and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear cells in healthy neonates

The objective of this study was to assess the functional capacity for intracellular death (ID) and/or phagocytic index (PI) of polymorphonuclear cells of 24-h-old healthy newborns with respect to the PMN cells of adults using the same standard exogenous source of opsonins. The ID and PI techniques were standardized and 2-3 ml of blood were used. No differences were found in the percentages of ID, P, PI among the PMNs of the newborns and those of the adults: 43.95 ñ 15.70 vs. 44.56 ñ 8.43 for ID; 38.96 ñ 14.34 vs. 39.00 ñ 14.54 for P; 1.71 ñ 0.54 vs. 1.73 0.45 for PI, respectively. It was concluded that the PMNs of 24-h newborns have an ID, P, PI functionality comparable to adult PMNs; differences observed in PMN function in newborns may be due to humoral deficiencies (opsonins)

Neutrophils: activities and functions

There are three types of polymorphonuclear leucocytes: the neutrophils, the basophils and the eosinophils, each serving separate functions and differentiated by the staining reactions of their prominent cytoplasmic granules. The neutrophils are the most numerous, comprising 70% of the total leucocytes in blood, and are the cells generally referred to as "polymorphs".They contain two or three types of granules, whose enzymes include peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, nucleotidase, glucuronidase, and lysozyme. The phagocyte is the most powerful and most important part of the defences that can operate without delay against the invading microorganism after the epithelial surface has been breached. Various substances released from bacteria attract phagocytes, but their activity is generally weak. Other bacterial substances react with complement to generate chemotactic factors such as C5a. Microorganisms can avoid the attentions of phagocytic cells by inhibiting chemotaxis, and as a result of this the host is less able to focus polymorphs and macrophages into the exact site of infection

Infection of guinea pigs with two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Con el objeto de estudiar las lesiones producidas, por el virus de la coriomeningitis linfocítica (LCMV), se inocularon cobayos adultos por vía intraperitoneal con 1000 UFP de las cepas WE y Armstrong de LCMV. Los animales se scrificaron a los 3, 7,10 y 14 días postinoculación (PI) para estudios de virus en bazo, médula ósea y sangre. En los cobayos infectados con WE se observó destrucción de la pulpa roja esplénica con altos títulos de virus y diferentes grados de neumonitis. Los estudios hematolóficos mostraron linfopenia a partir del día 7 Pl y necrosis focal de la médula ósea. En los animales infectados con la cepa Armstrong sólo se observó una neutropenia moderada sin lesiones evidentes, siendo la replicación del virus menor de 2 log, en relación a WE. La presencia de numerosos polimorfonucleares (PMN) en la pulpa roja esplénica y en el infiltrado pulmonar en forma previa a las lesiones observadas, sugiere que el daño es mediado en alguna forma por esas células. Los cobayos infectados con la cepa WE podrían representar un mdoelo adecuado para estudiar el rol de los PMN en als enfermedades virales, así como los mecanismos patogenéticos no inmunes con respecto a LCMV

Deterioro de la capacidad de destrucción intracelular de s. aureus de niños con lupus eritematose generalizado / Deterioration of intracellular destruction capacity of S. aureus in children with systemic Lupus erythematosus

En los pacientes con lupus eritematoso generalizado (LEG), la infección es una de las causas más importantes de mortalidad. El tratamiento con esteroide, la naturaleza de la enfermedad y la concentración sérica, tisular, o ambas de complejos inmunitarios son factores que pueden contribuir a incrementar la susceptibilidad a la infección en pacientes con LEG. En este estudio se determinaron la concentración sérica de complejos inmunitarios, la función fagocítica y la capacidad de destrucción intracelular de S. aureus en células PMN de 14 pacientes con LEG, y se compararon con los mismos resultados en 18 niños sanos. La capacidad fagocítica de las células PMN de los pacientes con LEG fue similar a la de los pacientes sanos, no así la destrucción intracelular, que se encontró disminuida respecto a los resultados obtenidos con el grupo testigo (P < 0.001). La infección es la causa más importante de mortalidad entre los pacientes con lupus eritematoso generalizado (LEG). Se han analizado las causas de muerte en diversas series de pacientes con LEG, y se ha señalado que la infección puede ocurrir en forma mortal en 15 por ciento de ellos. La infección puede ser la causa más importante de morbilidad (29 por ciento) entre los pacientes con LEG. La tasa de infección entre los pacientes con lupus puede ser 10 veces mayor que en los pacientes que no tienen lupus. Así mismo, la actividad de la enfermedad y el efecto de los esteroides pueden contribuir a incrementar la susceptibilidad a la infección en estos pacientes. Es dificil separar el efecto de la enfermedad y el tratamiento con esteroides sobre los mecanismos de defesa contra la infección. Los gérmenes frecuentemente causantes son grampositivas, bacilos entéricos y oportunistas...